Marjorie Joyner and the Wave Machine

An employee of  Madame Walkers  empire, Majorie Joyner invented a permanent wave machine. This device, patented in 1928, curled or permed womens hair for a relatively lengthy period of time. The wave machine was popular among women white and black allowing for longer-lasting wavy hair styles. Joyner went on to become a prominent figure in Walkers industry. Early Years Joyner was born in 1896 in the rural Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia and moved in 1912 to Chicago to go to school study cosmetology.   She was the granddaughter of a white slave owner and a slave. Joyner graduated from A.B. Molar Beauty School in Chicago in 1916. She was the first  African-American  to achieve this. At the beauty school, she  met  Madame C. J. Walker, an African-American beauty entrepreneur who owned a cosmetic empire. Always an advocate of beauty for women, Joyner went to work for Walker and oversaw 200 of her beauty schools, working as the national adviser. One of her major duties was sending Walkers hair stylists door-to-door, dressed in black skirts and white blouses with black satchels, containing a range of beauty products that were applied  in  the customers house. Joyner taught some 15,000 stylists over her 50-year career.   Wave Machine Joyner was also a leader in developing new products, such as her permanent wave machine. She  invented her wave machine as a solution to the hair problems of African-American women. Joyner took her inspiration from a pot roast. She cooked with paper pins to shorten prep time. She experimented initially with these paper rods and soon designed a table that could be used to curl or straighten hair by wrapping it on rods above the persons head and then cooking them to set the hair. Using this method, hairstyles would last several days. Joyners design was popular in  salons  with both African-American and white women. Joyner never profited  from  her invention, however, because Madame Walker owned the rights.  In 1987, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington opened an exhibit featuring Joyners permanent wave machine and a replica of her original salon.   Other Contributions Joyner also helped write the first cosmetology laws for the state of  Illinois,  and founded both a sorority and a national association for black beauticians. Joyner was friends with Eleanor  Roosevelt,  and helped found the  National Council of Negro Women. She was an advisor to the Democratic National Committee in the   1940s,  and advised several New Deal agencies trying to reach out to black women. Joyner was highly visible in the Chicago black community, as head of the  Chicago Defender  Charity network, and fundraiser for various schools.   Together with Mary Bethune Mcleod, Joyner founded the United Beauty School Owners and Teachers Association.  In 1973, at the age of 77, she was awarded a bachelors degree in psychology from  Bethune-Cookman College  in  Daytona Beach, Florida. Joyner also volunteered for several charities that helped house, educate, and find work for African Americans during the Great Depression.

Foucault and Punishment Essay - 1172 Words

Change over time; that is a common theme with everything in the world. The concept of punishment is no different in that regard. In the 16th and 17th century the common view for punishing people was retaliation from the king and to be done in the town square. In what seemed to be all of a sudden, there was a change in human thinking, the concept of punishment changed to a more psychological approach compared to a public embarrassment/torture approach. The following paragraphs will discuss the development of prisons and what in fact gives people gives people the right to punish; as well as the overall meaning and function of prisons. The work by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison will help with the arguments†¦show more content†¦The public spectacle went as far as chain-gangs until that was abolished in 1848 (Foucault 8). The reason for this change, according to Foucault, was due to the overwhelming thought of humanization that developed in soci ety. How did this change to a humanization thinking come about and more importantly how was it implemented into the penal system? Foucault accredits the evolution to the humanization process of thinking based on how people portrayed the executioner. What that means is the overwhelming sense of savagery that was bestowed into the people by the fact that the punishment had ‘out-done’ the crime itself. â€Å"It was as if the punishment was thought to equal, if not exceed, in savagery the crime itself, to accustom the spectators to a ferocity from which wished to divert them†¦to make the executioner resemble a criminal, judges murderers, to reverse roles at the last moment, to make the tortured criminal an object of pity or admiration† (Foucault 9). The perception by the people in seeing how criminals were dealt with was the turning point and the leading factor to the eventual development of prisons. With the development of prisons, this changed how punishment a nd torture was viewed, at least in the public eye. The act of torturing, however unfortunate, comes naturally in regards to punishment. A big reason to why torture is no longer heard about in the prisons is because torture is now done the private spectrum instead of inShow MoreRelatedFoucault s Discipline And Punishment1211 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements linked to the Enlightenment, which transformed society into the modern culture seen today. Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish examines how punishment was viewed and enacted prior to the â€Å"humane† awakening of the eighteenth century, while establishing the progression of change that shifted punishment from the body to the soul. Foucault was a student and professor of philosophy and psychology during the twentieth century, which influenced his writings and political activism. DisciplineRead MoreMichel Foucault s Theory Of Discipline And Punishment1225 Words   |  5 PagesMichel Foucault states in Discipline a nd Punishment that â€Å"the Panopticon is a marvelous machine which, whatever use one may wish to put it to, produces homogeneous effects of power† (Foucault 188). Examining the evolution, physical characteristics, and psychological effects of the Panopticon allows one to understand the mechanism by which the Panopticon produces power. Most inventions develop through an evolutionary process while attempting to improve a situation or solve a problem. Often, aRead MoreSystem And Oppression Of The Panopticon1631 Words   |  7 Pages2.3.2. Panoptical System and Oppression The Panopticon was a metaphor that allowed Foucault to show the relationship between the people in a disciplinary situation and the systems of social control. From his view, the concept of power/knowledge comes from observing others. Michel Foucault is one of the European philosopher/historian who wrote prodigiously and influentially on the origins or ‘archaeology’ of European social orders since the seventeenth century. For understanding of his work on socialRead MoreOne Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Relation to Foucaults Argument1602 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to Foucault’s analysis of discipline and punishment. Foucault’s argument is that power works in a disciplinary way in current society. The movie can relate to this because the institution that the movie took place in was ran using Foucault’s disciplinary technique. There are many scenes from the film that give an analysis of Foucault’s argument. Foucault believes that people have the power to punish the docile bodies that they produce. Foucault argues in â€Å"The Carceral† that, â€Å"The least actRead MoreDiscipline And Punish : The Birth Of The Prison1345 Words   |  6 PagesMichel Foucault- Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison Michel Foucault is a very famous French intellectual who practiced the knowledge of sociology. Foucault analyzed how knowledge related to social structures, in particular the concept of punishment within the penal system. His theory through, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, is a detailed outline of the disciplinary society; in which organizes populations, their relations to power formations, and the corresponding conceptionsRead MoreSimilarities Between Michel Foucault s Punish And Discipline And Nellie Bly s Ten Days1495 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system; his temperament, punctuality, knowledge and authority remained unchecked. He investigated suspects, formed judgment and prescribed punishment (Foucault 19). In particular, an investigation established the suspect’s involvement in an act. The judge studied its results and diagnosed guilt. Then he prosecuted according to the law (Foucault 19). Although he controlled the justice system, the judge lacked author ity in alternative areas of society. His influence remained unchanged untilRead MoreFoucault once stated, â€Å"Our society is one not of spectacle, but of surveillance; under the surface800 Words   |  4 PagesFoucault once stated, â€Å"Our society is one not of spectacle, but of surveillance; under the surface of images, one invests† (301). By this, he means that our society is full of constant supervision that is not easily seen nor displayed. In his essay, Panopticism, Foucault goes into detail about the different disciplinary societies and how surveillance has become a big part of our lives today. He explains how the disciplinary mechanisms have dramatically changed in comparison to the middle ages. FoucaultRead MorePublic Torture Vs. Penal System1030 Words   |  5 PagesCount: 1,032 Public Torture vs. Penal System In Michel Foucault’s Discipline Punish, he starts out by describing a gruesome, public execution. Foucault questions why this man is getting tortured and punished this way. He later goes on to compare this event with prison rules 80 years after the execution and, throughout his book, argues which punishment is a better choice. Prison is more effective than public torture because it contains criminals properly, rather than humiliating them in public.Read MoreEssay on The Utopia of Orwell and Foucault1368 Words   |  6 PagesOrwell and Foucault â€Å"Two ways of exercising power over men, of controlling their relations, of separating out their dangerous mixtures. The plague stricken town, transversed throughout with hierarchy, surveillance, observation, writing; the town immobilized by the functioning of an extensive power that bears in a distinct way over all individual bodies-this is the utopia of the perfectly governed city† (Foucault, 6) This quote extracted from the Essay Panopticism written by Michel Foucault perfectlyRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Discipline and Punish1609 Words   |  7 Pageswork, Foucault establishes the trend of using power as a sort of political technology over the human body. According to Foucault, power relations transcend every facet of society, and are not simply localized in those relations between citizens and the government. Power must be aligned closely with the concept of knowledge. Basically, there is no power relation without a sort of constitution of knowledge, or any sort of knowledge not inferring to or allowing for power relations (Foucault, 27).

Comm Skills free essay sample

Establish objectives to be achieved by negotiation. †¢ Identify a range of outcomes from the desired ideal to the ultimate acceptable fall back position. †¢ Use interpersonal skills to influence others in both informal and formal situations to achieve your objectives. Negotiating Skills †¢ Act assertively to achieve objectives †¢ Reduce resistance minimise conflict †¢ Know how when to accept the opinions, values will of others †¢ Work to achieve a WIN-WIN situation Negotiating Skills Negotiation occurs when there is something of value that you wish to attain †¢ Need is the negotiators starting point †¢ Need is also the weakness that can be exploited †¢ Negotiation is also a process that is of benefit to all parties Negotiating Skills Ineffective Negotiation is about: †¢ Non mutual benefit †¢ Compromising for no return †¢ Playing games Think of a time when a negotiation has not been successful. Can you identify what went wrong? When you have purchased a house or a car – Did you negotiate terms? Were you successful? Negotiating Skills Effective Negotiation Is an important communication skill †¢ Reaches the agreement that best meets both sides requirements †¢ Should be conducted in a professional manner †¢ Be a solid foundation on which to build future relationships Negotiating Skills Preparing yourself Preparation enables you to : †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Identify your obj ectives Identify targets Know your resistance point Adopt the most suitable style Time the interaction correctly Achieve a deal Negotiating Skills Traditional Negotiation Has two sides Has opposing objectives Is a form of warfare Has a short sighted approach Formal Negotiation Favours the party with the strongest power base Limits the likelihood of informal talks Emphasises the letter of agreement Informal Negotiation Emphasises the relationship between the two parties Encourages the spirit of any agreement reached Negotiating Skills Modern Negotiation Enables strategic alliances to be built Emphasises partnerships Builds relationships Is effective long term Outcomes From Negotiation Need to achieve the objective set Be of benefit to all parties Ensuring a WIN/WIN situation Negotiating Skills Identifying Possible Outcomes Write down all your objectives Put them in order of priority Identify issues that are open to compromise Identify those that are not Classifying Priorities Those that are desirable Those that are acceptable Those that are the minimum you/the organisation require Negotiating Skills What is influencing? Achieving a result that meets the legitimate needs of both sides Achieving long lasting results Improving the relationship of the people involved Legitimate is the important word here. Needs must be legitimate if influencing is to be successful. For influencing to be effective it has to be sustainable. Negotiating Skills What is influencing? When it fails The MIGHT IS RIGHT style of influencing always fails. People can appear to agree but over time they may show their disagreement by leaving the workplace. A boss who forces his influence onto his work-team may only see short term gains. The relationship of trust may be destroyed and will be hard to rebuild. Negotiating Skills Why is influencing important? Flatter organisation structures need it to be effective. Lean is mean – more stress is prevalent in current organisations. The rise of the customer – the customer is not always right, but it is our job to make them „feel? right. Working across organisations – it? s the only positive way forward. The demise of traditional authority – all employees have a vested interest in the future success of any company/organisation. Negotiating Skills Influencing is not about : Forcing your point of view on others Nagging until they agree Giving in to someone Bargaining A debate It is about Dealing with others assertively Speaking with knowledge and confidence Listening to their point of view Appreciating the differences Showing respect Negotiating Skills The Levers Of Influence Pull Skills Creating rapport Authentic listening Skilful questioning These Pull techniques also involve the effective use of non-verbal communication. Creating rapport : Posture Voice – Tone Volume Gesture Eye Contact Facial expressions How we occupy our space Consider carefully how you want to build the relationship with someone who you will be negotiating with. Negotiating Skills Authentic Listening The aim is empathy – a non-judgmental state that aims to understand the other person. Authentic Listening is : Listen for content Listening to the other messages Summarising the content Summarising the emotion Testing your assumptions Negotiating Skills Barriers to Listening Dialogue of the deal Both sides within a discussion, intent on making their own point, may fail to listen to each other. Experience The parties may have had bad experiences of negotiations in the past. Familiarity Can be a crucial disabler when negotiating. Skim Listening Picking up on key words and missing vital parts of the conversation. Attention span – Are you focused or distracted? Negotiating Skills Pull Levers Questioning : Have a questioning strategy – USE: Hypothetical questions Defining questions Probing questions The aim is to use effective questioning skills to Help build rapport Obtain accurate information Obtain other people? s opinion Negotiating Skills Assertiveness is Saying what you mean Meaning what you say Asking for what you want clearly Listening to what the other person is saying Being honest about what is relevant Being prepared to look for a workable compromise Being Assertive during a negotiation is the best way to achieve a win/win outcome. Conduct your conversation with clarity, confidence and an open mind. Negotiating Skills Recognising Assertiveness Effective body language – how would you describe this? Use assertive language – what is considered assertive language? Never become emotional Angry Resentful Frustrated Responding Not Reacting â€Å"Behaviour breeds behaviour† Keep the temperature low Stay detached Show respect Negotiating Skills Power In Negotiation Negotiation assumes a â€Å"certain equality† between parties Negotiation refers to obtaining something of value that someone else has. The focus is upon mutual benefit. Differing power bases can lead into fighting behaviours. Parties do test each others strengths and probe into just how dependant they are on each other. A balance of power is essential if negotiations are to be successful. Negotiating Skills Influencing The balance Of Power Facts Expertise Explore Strengthen Authority Facts – The skilled negotiator has all the facts , background history and figures. Even a hardened MD cannot fail to be impressed. Expertise – Again gained by effective preparation. Explore – Pose questions in a non hreatening manner. How do we find this solution together. Strengthen – Develop acceptance and trust . Find implement outcomes that are of interest to both parties. Authority – it is vital that both parties have the authority to make the outcome happen. Negotiating Skills Negotiation Strategy Opening Exploration Create Closure Create movement Finish The Process Agree Boundaries Deny Need St ress the Difference Agree Boundaries – On which the negotiation will focus. Deny the need – A deliberate strategy in which both parties play down their need for a particular outcome. From the outset skilled negotiators will play up the fact that they do not believe the outcome will be successful. Negotiating Skills Opening Negotiation †¢ Set the offer at the most appropriate level normally a long way removed from target. †¢ Respond in a way that is deemed most appropriate, usually rejection. There is no such thing as a first offer that is too good to refuse. Openings within negotiation are like a chess match both parties will begin with an offer that is far removed from target. The opening offer is very rarely a serious commitment. Negotiating Skills Exploration Identify : Needs Wants Interests Needs – Those things that you feel you cannot do without Wants – Those things that people would prefer to have Interests – The reasons that lie behind the WANTS NEEDS Exploration is important because: It allows the parties to explore the situation. Needs Wants are talked about first. A skilful negotiator can see where the other party expect the final outcome to be. Negotiating Skills Create Movement †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Be prepared to compromise Explore possibilities Ask „what if questions Be clear about the variables Exchange During this phase it is vital that if you agree to a concession you get something back in return . Don? t give anything away too easily – people do not value things that have been obtained with little effort. Restate your case – Ensure that the agreement is clear by going over again what has been agreed. Restate everything that you have agreed on. Minimise the perception of what is left to agree. Write it down – It may prompt some questions before the deal is closed. Prevention is better then cure. Firming Up Proposals Negotiating Skills Create Closure †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Keep moving Don? t get bogged down in detail Focus on issues Give recognition Give the other party a final opportunity to clarify any issues Negotiating Skills Closing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ List of issues from both sides Prepare a draft framework Tackle outstanding details Record each point as it is agreed Agree a process to review Agree a procedure for complaints The skilled negotiator will not be distracted from their task. Always remember that the whole point of negotiation is that two parties have something of value. Know when to stop talking Negotiating Skills Failing Negotiation Initial commitment may be based on incomplete information Negotiation may be based on false assumption People communicate using their mind body through the use of emotion. Misunderstandings can arise because of stereotyping. Tension is caused by emotions which can then lead to stress anxiety. Listen actively with empathy to reduce the perceived threat and try to show acceptance and understanding. If everyone ignores the pinch then a crunch can be just around the corner. The relationship may suffer as a consequence. The secret of success is to look for the pinch before it becomes a crunch. Negotiating Skills Approaches to Resolve Conflict Skilful listening to improve understanding Assertion skills Influence by using interpersonal skills Emphasise issues, break up large issues Make careful note of actions decided Facilitation – Helping people communicate with one another. Conciliation or mediation – Working towards resolving an issue whilst remaining independent. Advocacy – negotiating on behalf of one party. Negotiating Skills Outcomes From Negotiation In a win/lose situation one party may feel threatened by the other and react in a defensive or aggressive way to ensure they don? t get beaten into submission. In a lose /lose situation, both parties have lost and no-one gets what they really want. In a win/win situation, this provides the basis for a long lasting partnership that can be mutually rewarding. Negotiating Skills Stages to Successful Negotiation †¢ Exchange information †¢ Assess Wants, Needs, Information †¢ Find the middle ground which is fair reasonable to both †¢ Firm up a mutually agreeable solution Recognise these stages, work towards them. Use the notes in this course to help future Negotiations. Create a learning log – a simple diary will do. Assess every negotiation you are involved in. What went well? What could be better? What will you do differently next time?

King Stephen of Hungary free essay sample

Life career of leader crowned in 1000 A.D. Looking at religion, politics, rise to power, national unification, canonization and succession issues. This paper is a biography of Stephen, crowned as the first king of Hungary on Christmas Day, 1000 AD. His coronation consolidated a collection of battling tribes into a recognized kingdom, aligned with the Roman pope. His monarchy lasted more than 900 years. Stephen, known as Istvan to his countrymen, established a series of reforms that set the pattern for Hungarys government. He also aggressively turned the nation into a Catholic country, wiping out the vestiges of paganism into which he himself was born. After his death, he was canonized as a Catholic saint, cementing recognition of his lasting influence in establishing Hungary as an important European power. During the period at the end of the 10th century, Christianity had begun to take root throughout Europe. Though paganism was still strong, the world around the Hungarians. We will write a custom essay sample on King Stephen of Hungary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

REM Sleep essays

REM Sleep essays REM, or rapid eye movement, sleep is a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as the paradoxical stage of sleep, the muscles are relaxed, except for minor twitches, during this phase. Although the muscles of the body are relaxed and considered temporarily paralyzed other systems of the body are very active. As one begins to fall asleep, the body goes through a series of changes. Gradually breathing slows, pulse rates begin to drop, and body temperature begins to decline. Quickly moving through the different stages of sleep, REM is eventually reached. While the back and forth movement of your eyes occurs (hence rapid eye movement), one enters a more active type of sleep. REM sleep is produced by the excretion of the chemical acetylcholine in the pons which is part of the brainstem. Other neurotransmitters (noradrenalin and serotonin) produced by other cells in the pons switch off the REM sleep. This formula is known as the reciprocal interac tion/activation-synthesis model. This model proposed that reciprocally interacting chemicals secreted in an elementary part of the brain that has nothing to do with complex mental functioning were responsible for the creation of dream images. Basically this is saying that the images were simply turned on and off and were not generated by any kind of motivation in the person. In this model, dreaming is simply an epiphenomenon of REM sleep. During the REM sleep, your pulse rate and breathing become irregular and the levels of adrenal and sexual hormones in your blood rise-as if you were in the middle of an intensely emotional or physically demanding activity. Muscles in the face and fingers begin to twitch, and temporary paralysis occurs within the arms and legs. The waves sent to the brain closely resemble those of an awake and active person. The Rapid Eye Movement stage tends to last from 15 to 45 ...

iGE iPhone app review - Emphasis

iGE iPhone app review iGE iPhone app review Apple boasts that there are now more than 500,000 iPhone apps available. Some are useful, and some less so (we particularly love the virtual stapler). But which camp does University College London’s Interactive Grammar of English (iGE) app fall into? For many, grammar is an alien and intimidating world of confusing concepts and unlikely vocabulary; a world they would rather avoid. But for anyone who relies on language, is there really a choice? As the app wisely states on its welcome page: ‘Quite simply, if we know how English works, then we can make better use of it.’ A logical progression The iGE is both a reference guide and an interactive course, beginning at word classes and building up logically through phrases, clauses and sentences to form, function and further reading. UCL linguistics experts developed it using research from their Survey of English Usage (SEU). The exercises use text taken from SEU’s million-word database of spoken and written English. This means the example sentences are somewhat more realistic than your typical grammar textbook (one can show only so much interest in where an aunt keeps her stationery). There is also an extensive glossary. Apparently the target market is school, college and university students, as well as learners of English as a second language. UCL Professor and Director of SEU Bas Aarts says: ‘The SEU team have developed the app in response to students and teachers who say that many existing learning tools †¦ often fail to meet their English language learning needs.’ Hold on to your hat Perhaps the worst that could be said of the resulting program is that, after it has met those needs, it promptly gallops off to a more highbrow party. On first use, the app almost feels too comprehensive. And for anyone who finds grammar daunting, it could be a little overwhelming. (Ever wanted to know the difference between syndetic and polysyndetic coordination? Well, you can find out here ) Throughout the course, technical terms are hyperlinked to their entry in the glossary, as well as to dropdown menus of related words and subjects. While cross-referencing is undoubtedly useful, the extent of it means you can easily become sidetracked amid the many layers (imagine a Russian doll of the population of Russia) and lose track of where you began. The overall verdict This aside (and it does feel churlish to complain of being given too much information), the app is intuitive to use and explains terms clearly. And you can take your time getting to grips with each part, as it will hold your place when you exit. Just a couple of notes of caution: it’s probably best to follow the course from the beginning rather than diving right into the hyperlinks and labyrinthine glossary, or you risk feeling like Alice being swallowed up by the rabbit hole. Still, if – like her – you can learn to just fall in and embrace it, you will probably also end up emerging somewhat wiser, if a little bit dazed. Score: ****

Anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Anemia - Research Paper Example Also, the main methods of treatment which lies in blood oxygen balance restoration or transfusion were characterized. Another way of treatment is to provide the necessary amount of iron, which is necessary for the correct functioning of hemoglobin. Anemia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and (or) hemoglobin per unit volume of blood (Halwachs-Baumann, 2012). Possible to speak about anemia as a condition that is characterized by a decrease in the formation of red blood cells or an increase in their degradation, or a combination of both factors. Red blood cells and hemoglobin, which is contained in them, play an important function of transporting oxygen to the tissues. Thus, reducing the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin causes insufficient provision of oxygen to tissues. Acute posthemorrhagic anemia. Acute posthemorrhagic anemia is caused by rupture or erosion of the vessel wall through mechanical trauma, ulcerous disease of stomach, pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchiectasis. Color index = 0,85-1,1. Lack of qualitative and quantitative changes in erythrocytes is observed. Abrupt decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells causes hemic hypoxia to which kidneys respond by increased synthesis of erythropoietin. This peptide is a hormone of erythropoiesis and its role lies in stimulating the formation and maturation of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. Proliferation of erythroid sprout becomes noticeable at 4 and 6 days after hemorrhage. In the blood the number of reticulocytes and polychromatic red blood cells increases and also appears rare normocytes. These changes indicate a high regenerative ability of the bone marrow. It changes color to bright red and juicy color. Yellow fatty bone marrow turns to red one and becomes rich in erythropoie tic cells. Also, the

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Marketing Management - Essay Example Therefore, to prevent others from preying on a new product idea, entrepreneurs must seek legal protection for their great ideas. One can seek nondisclosure agreement to protect trade secrets. Similarly, there are other legal protection mechanisms such as patents, registered design, trademark, copyright and licensing among others that can be used to protect unique ideas. The nature of the product will determine the most appropriate protection measure to be taken. This paper explores suitable legal protection mechanisms for Smart Control, branding and evidence of viability. It also gives justifications for the choice of the product’s target audience. Methods of Legal Protection Available for Smart Control Patents The first appropriate legal protection choice available for our product, Smart Control is patenting. A patent refers to a legitimate monopoly issued by the government to an entrepreneur for specific time coverage (Rowland & MacDonald 2005). Patents prevent other people from commercially benefiting from other people’s product ideas, manufacturing methods as well as product functioning. A patent will be more suitable for safeguarding Smart Control because it can usually protects a product from a wider perspective compared to copyright (Galler 1995). It will disclose to the public how Smart Control works while disclosing the extent of protection to our product. Being a novel, important and inventive step, Smart Control qualifies for patenting. However, the company will need to conduct patent search to establish the products legibility for registration and avoid adverse legal issues in future. Licensing The second available option is licensing. Smart Control being an intellectual property, can be commercially exploited by television manufacturing companies as well as other devices it is designed to operate. Smart Control’s patent may be sold or mortgaged. Consequently, licensing will enable the company to allow licensees to exploit our i nvention for a fee (Lindberg 2009). Licenses can be a crucial revenue source for us. Trademark Trademark will identify and distinguish Smart Control from other similar products. Unlike copyrights, trademark law may prohibit developing similar product, which may confuse the public. As such, trademark protection will be more suitable for our product compared to copyright (Lindberg 2009). Trademark law will protect our unique mark effectively. Trade Secret Nondisclosure agreements and trade secret protection protects a new idea from being stolen by competitors (Anderman 2007). Smart Control being an iphone compatible app can easily be stolen by iphone producing companies to better their products. Trade secret protection will help to protect Smart Control from being illegally exploited by iphone companies that would wish to partner with us to deliver superior products to the consumer. Management of Brands Contemporary advertising majorly focus on brand management. Brand management refer s to the techniques aimed at establishing, promoting, and protecting the integrity of a given brand (Kapferer 2008). Commercial advertisement messages usually appeal to customers to buy a particular brand and not any other by claiming superiority. Branding eliminates any notion about the possibility of a product being generic. According to Wood (2000), brands are fundamental product differentiation strategy and must as such be managed strategically. Strategic brand management (branding) commence only after a

The issues surrounding Abortion Essay Example for Free

The issues surrounding Abortion Essay Explain how a follower of natural law might approach the issues surrounding Abortion. Natural Law, as outlined and enforced by Thomas Aquinas, says that every living thing has a purpose, and that every solution to a dilemma and every action can be solved by reasoning, which will gain you ultimate happiness. This Is linked with Aristotles idea that everyone has a specific purpose, and the Primary Precepts can help you to achieve your purpose. This is key knowledge to help with the understanding of Natural Law followers views about abortion. Human reasoning in any dilemma or problematic situation should be applied to the Primary Precepts of Natural Law. The two main precepts that are concerned in Natural Law with abortion are The Preservation of Life and Reproduction. Generally, conforming to Natural Law, the right action to take would be one that conforms to all the precepts, however with abortion it is not quite as simple. The first Precept to consider when thinking about abortion from a Natural Law followers state of mind would be Reproduction. The precept of Reproduction states that it is always right to encourage reproduction, and most nearly always wrong to prevent reproduction. Applying this to abortion would result in a follower of Natural Law believing that abortion is wrong. This is because the act of aborting a foetus, or baby, is preventing the act of reproduction, and therefore going against one of Aquinas Primary Precepts; Preservation of Life. Natural Law does not consider the people involved or most of the consequences, but more on the act of abortion itself. Reproduction as known is a Primary Precept of Natural Law, and because the act of abortion stops procreation then it is frowned upon by Natural Law followers. The act of abortion can also disturb the precept of Preservation of Life. This precept states that it is always right to help save or maintain a life, and always wrong to try and intentionally. However this is only if one believes that life begins at conception. Abortion involves taking the life of a foetus that you believe to be a human life, which in turn act against the precept of the Preservation of Life, as you not preserving life, but taking one away. However, there are a few exceptions. Aquinas Doctrine of Double effect applies these exceptions. Aquinas saw the precepts as absolutely true for every single being, and that using our reasoning can bring us to the right solution in every situation. However there are times when in order to conform to one precept, we must decide to act against another. For example; there is a pregnant woman, however for medical reasons carrying on with the pregnancy would end in her death. She has two choices, one; have the baby and end her own life or two; have an abortion and save her own life. The first solution would go against the precept of the Preservation of Life, where the second would go against both the Preservation of Life and Reproduction. In this case it is okay for a person to come to a suitable solution through reasoning, as whatever happens there will be bad consequences. However, this is only acceptable if the bad consequence is but an unwanted side effect of the action with good intent. All in all, abortion acts against two of the Primary Precepts of Natural Law, which clearly makes it a bad action. Even though there are a few exceptions, these are only in the worst of situations, and on the whole, abortion is entirely wrong according to Natural Law. A foetus is not a person Discuss. There are many different opinions and arguments as to when a Foetus becomes a person, and these all play different but key roles into solving many huge arguments. To hope to solve this argument is absurd, however the different viewpoints can be stated and analysed to find the strongest. One way in which to argue whether or not a Foetus is a person is to apply it to the criteria of Personhood. These criteria are suggested by Mary Anne Warren, and are Sentience, Emotionality, Reason, Ability to Communicate, Self-awareness and Moral agency. Conforming to these criteria would mean the a Foetus cannot be classed as a person, as it does not fit into any of these criteria. However, later on in the development of a Foetus it begins to fit into some of the criteria, such as Sentience. Could this mean that a foetus slowly becomes a person? Mary Anne Warren suggests that a Foetus is a potential person, but says that it does not have a right to life, which really does not solve any arguments as to whether or not a Foetus is a person. It is also argued that a potential life, as proposed by Mary Anne Warren, does not have any rights or privileges. This would also mean that a Foetus does not have access to human rights, and the right to life. So that begs the question, if something does not have access to human rights, is it a person?

Loss: Hamlet’s Emotional Connection Tool Essay examples -- Literary An

The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare is about a young man who is returning from his studies to mourn the death of his father. During this time he is visited by the ghost of his father and asked to avenge a â€Å"Murder most foul† (Shakespeare 1.5.33). In the play of Hamlet, we can recognize at least one element that has embroidered itself into the very fabric of modern literature: this element of particular importance is the protagonist’s ability to appeal to every viewer emotionally. In the play, the viewer develops emotional links with Hamlet following the many losses he or she witnesses, such as the loss of family, the loss of his childhood friends, the loss of trust in the world and ultimately the loss of innocence. The first loss we encounter is the loss of family; Hamlet arrives in Denmark to mourn the loss of his father. The loss of a parent affects many people very deeply, giving them in a sense of insecurity and complete sorrow. In the first scene with Hamlet, he is dressed all in black and speaks of the turmoil he feels: â€Å"O, That this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew† (1.2.133-134) This very vivid description adequately expresses the feelings experienced in times of loss. Hamlet is feeling alone now that his father is gone and his mother seems to have hastily moved on and he makes note of this in his first soliloquy: â€Å"O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason Would have mourn'd longer - married with my uncle†(1.2.154-155) Children often have difficulty with their parents remarrying following the death of the other parent. Christina Gregoire writes in her article concerning the impact of remarriage on adult children (older than eighteen), that a parent remarryi... ...changed and â€Å"The rest is silence† (5.2.395) Works Cited Bud. â€Å"Losing a Best Friend,† A Boundless World. 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. â€Å"Friendship or Betrayal.† http://www.echeat.com. 10 Apr. 2007. Web. 17 Jan 2011 Gregoire, Christina. â€Å"Adult Children of Divorce and New Step Parents,† Suite101. 25 Dec. 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. â€Å"In the End, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends†. http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/46. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. Schneider, Arthur J. â€Å"Adult Children of Divorce and New Step Parents,† University of Missouri Extension. 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2011. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square- Pocket 1992. Print. Yager, Jan. â€Å"6 Types of Toxic Friends and How You Can Deal with Them,† iVillage Health. 25 Feb. 2003. Web. 17 Jan. 2011.

Early Christian Music Essay

Singing is an essential part of worship to God. Even the creation itself was accompanied by the singing of morning stars (KJV, Job 38:7). So, music and singing were a vital part of the Israel and in the Old Testament we may find numerous confirmations of this fact. Jesus Himself sang hymns with His disciples before His sufferings (Matthew 26:30). During the Apostolic Era, singing in temple and synagogues still united the Jewish nation, and the apostles urged the believers to sing psalms, when anyone is merry (James 5:13), and in his letter to Corinthians, when he mentioned about the order in the congregation, Paul wrote that â€Å"everyone of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-Corinth. 14:26), where psalm is mentioned first. Psalms became the primary source texts for Christian music and liturgy establishment. Christianity, which originated from the Middle East and had spread throughout the Roman Empire during the first five centuries A. D. , was founded on the basis of the Jewish religion and, therefore, its key practices, such as the sacrificial concept and worship, are rooted and were formed from the traditions and commandments of the Old Testament. The center of Church singing became Christ, the Lord. Music was not limited by canons or regulations; it was simple and exalted, joining the loving souls. Love to the Savior Jesus Christ was so deep that the first Christians were aware of the tiniest step towards worldly and pagan influence; therefore, pomp and coddle of roman music did not attracted them. The basis of singing in the early church was music of the Temple in Jerusalem – the chant of words from the Scripture. One was leading, while the whole congregation repeated him. Other Christian singings included: â€Å"speaking to [themselves] in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in [their] hearts to the Lord† (Eph. 5:19), which represented a two-part singing by-turn; being filled with the Holy Spirit, Christians were making and singing new songs, like the new song to honor the Lamb in the Revelation of John. Pliny the Younger, the Roman appointee in Bithynia, in his report to the Roman â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #2† Emperor 110 A. D. , had found out that the activities of Christians are not anti-social and their meetings are simple and start with singing a hymn of praise to Christ, as God. During the Roman persecution, Christians were forced to make services in catacombs – the walls of these galleries still keep the images of singers and, moreover, the texts of hymns. Monotonous music of hymns was amazing in its austerity and exaltation at the same time. Musical instruments were not allowed because of their heathen usage. On the first council of Nicaea in 325, the persecuted church became the state one. Therefore, singing and worship, staying monotonous, was supplemented with such chants as Gallican – France, Mozarabic (Visigothic) – Spain, Old Roman, Ambrosian, and Sarum use – England (Norton, 2002) and was influenced by national differences. The second council in 381 had excluded non-Christian singing, for Christian music, enjoying the freedom for decades, had been loosing its vitality and simplicity. 100 years later, Manlius Severinus Boethius had written a five-volume book on music – De institutione musica (Fundamentals of Music) – where he had concluded writings and findings of Greek authors (Nicomachus, Ptolemy, Pythagoras, Euclid and Aristoxenus). Boethius had divided music into three categories: musica mundane – described the universe, planets, seasons – music of the spheres; musica humana – described the interrelations of body and soul; musica instrumentalis – described music performed with the help of instrument or voice (Norton, 2002). He claimed that music must be a representation of harmony, knowledge, and order. St. Ambrose and St. Gregory the Great played the most significant role in the development of early Christian music – they have left the patterns, which are now called Ambrosian and Gregorian chants, though the founders themselves had no intention to establish a canon. Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, realized the need to enrich the monotonous hymn’s â€Å"Early Christian Music† â€Å"Page #3† performance and wrote a number of hymns for his church, which reproduce the psalms of David in verses. He depicted bright images, using a manifold oratorical language of Cicerone, Horatio and Vergilius. His music was simple and close to folk’s one. He introduced antiphonal singing, known in Jerusalem Temple, which represents a by-turn psalm singing of soloist, while the rest of congregation is refraining (antiphon) the verses. Besides, Ambrose had put a foundation for eight voice chorus in the West. The original form of Ambrosian chant is still kept in native Milan. Pope St. Gregory I, a son of roman Senator, who refused to serve these worldly passions, and, having sold his possessions, entered the St. Andrew’s monastery, became the first monk, who was elected to be the pope. Being devoted to liturgy, which was aimed at prayer and teaching, he advanced the plain singing as a sacred music and stressed on the importance of church music as an outer manifestation of faith that can raise man’s heart to spiritual level. This form of monophonic chant became a standard of monastery (Office) and public (the Mass) worship, as well as other services, and had been sung by choirs. This very chant had replaced Old Roman chant in Rome and has been revised and developed until the tenth century A. D. The singing itself started with â€Å"halleluiah† – the victorious exclamation of Christians after two and a half centuries of persecution. Its best samples were composed at the end of 5th century (between the invasions of Goths and Lombards), in the epoch of wars, destructions, plagues, famine, disasters – such horrifying that Gregory supposed them to be the signs of the end and presages of the Last Judgment. Yet, this singing is filled with peace and faith for the future. Therefore, the Early Christian Music was written in times of persecutions and hardships and was aimed to inspire and give faith to believers. That is why the chants and hymns of that time still restore the souls of mankind and are the basis for main services in the most of Christian world. Works Cited: Holy Bible, King James Version. Plume, 1974. Norton, W. â€Å"Music in the Early Christian Church†. Concise History of Western Music. 2002. W. W. Norton & Company. 11 Apr 2008 . Ward, Justine. â€Å"The Reform of Church Music†. The Atlantic Monthly 04 1906 1-10. 11 Apr 2008 .

LOM Assignment

â€Å"Lung conditions caused by 9/11† Write about the different types of lung conditions being found as a result of 9/11. We all remember the effects of this horrible day on September 11, 2001; but what we don’t know is the effects it still had on so many after the tragedy ended. When the towers of the World Trade Center collapsed it produced a dense could of smoke and vaporized concrete and drywall. New York City Fire Department rescue workers were exposed to polluted air- as well as dust and diesel exhaust that accompanied the rescues effort, this had reduced there lung function in weeks and months following the attack.Now a new study in the â€Å"New England Journal of Medicine† report that the lung impairment they observed in the rescue workers appears to be lasting. Firefighters, Emergency Medical personnel continued to have decreased lung function up to seven years after 9/11. They found most of this group suffered from â€Å"Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Lu ng Cancer, Mesothelioma, Tuberculosis, and Sarcoidosis† (especially prevalent among recovery and clean-up workers); 9/11 also exposed some people to having GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder) they addressed these declines with regular monitoring and aggressive treatment.In 2001 and 2002 the lung function of more than 12,000 fire fighters, rescue workers who were at Ground Zero had there lung functions measured, comparing the results to lung function tests given to the same group before 9/11 as a part as their department physicals. On average the lung function of the workers declined by an amount equivalent to twelve years of natural aging. In new studies, researchers continued to follow these fire fighters and medical personnel for an average of six years measuring there lung function every twelve to eighteen months to see if the initial decline persisted.They were surprised to find â€Å"little or no† improvement in average lung function, according to the study. Th e persistent decline in lung function has potential short-term consequences, it places them at higher risk for shortness of breath, cough, wheeze and impairments in their ability to exercise and perform physically demanding jobs. A lot of these heroes are now unable to work because of these long term conditions of this horrible tragedy.

Reflections on Federal Immigration Policy essay

Reflections on Federal Immigration Policy essay Reflections on Federal Immigration Policy essay Reflections on Federal Immigration Policy essayThe major current federal immigration policy issues include illegal immigration, overcrowding, investment policy issues, national security and terrorism, and other issues. As the United States is considered to be the nation of immigrants, the federal immigration policy should be well-developed to address the needs of American citizens (Theodoulou    Kofinis, 2013).   Moreover, the federal immigration policy is closely connected with employment issues because those people who come to the United States with the intention to work and stay there should be useful to our state. In addition, racial and religious biases are linked to immigration policy. I feel concerned about related issues that relate to current federal immigration policy.Undoubtedly, if anything is changing in the current federal immigration policy, it will affect me personally because I am an American citizen and any changes in the governmental policies may have either po sitive or negative consequences for me, my family and the whole American society. For example, the permission to continue illegal immigration may have negative impact on my employment, security and even my health.My thoughts prior to reading this week’s reading assignments were vague about the nature immigration policy. Now I realize that it is necessary to understand the complexity of the immigration policy making process. The U.S. government should address the needs and requirements of citizens, providing the proper opportunities for the development of the nation in today’s global context. Immigration issues should not lead to economic decline of the country. As a result, it is necessary to follow current federal immigration laws. In general, my perspective has been reinforced now that I am more informed. I realize that illegal immigration is an issue of public concern that requires adequate response of the U.S. government.

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013 Due to its widespread availability and flexible functionality, Microsoft Access is arguably the most popular database software in use today. Here we explain the Access 2013 installation process in a straightforward manner.  In order to install Access, youll need Access or Office installer (on CD or downloaded file). If you are trying to install an earlier version of Microsoft Access, see ​our guide on installing Microsoft Access 2010. Heres How Verify that your system meets the basic requirements for Access. Youll need at least a 1GHz  or faster processor with 1GB of RAM. Youll also need at least 3GB of free hard disk space.Ensure that your operating system is up-to-date. Youll need Windows 7 or later to run Access 2013. Its a good idea to apply all security updates and hotfixes to your system before installing access by visiting the Microsoft Updates site.Launch the Office installer.  If you are working from a downloaded copy of Office, open the file that you downloaded from Microsoft.  If you are using an installation disc, insert it in your optical drive. The installation process will begin automatically and ask you to wait while the system connects to your account.You will then be prompted to sign in to your Microsoft account.  You may choose to provide your account information by clicking the orange Sign In button or you may opt to bypass this process by clicking the No thanks, maybe later link.The installer wi ll then ask you if you wish to learn more about whats new in Office 2013.  You may choose to view this information by clicking the Take a look button or bypass this step by clicking the No thanks  link. Youll then be asked to wait a few minutes while the Office 2013 installer completes its work.When the installation completes, you may be prompted to restart your computer. Go ahead and do so.When your computer restarts, the first thing you should do is visit the Microsoft Update site  to download any security patches for Access. This is a critical step.

LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

LAW - Essay Example ion that the instigation of such action following the latest complaint has not been properly conducted as you have not been given the opportunity to amend your conduct in the workplace and improve your attendance times. In order to best advise you on this matter I have outlined below the relevant statutes which I believe would assist your claim against the Bus Company and have outlined case authority which could be relied on to support your claim. Under the above Regulation employers now have a direct requirement to ensure that they have a disciplinary procedure in place that meets the requirements as stipulated. These Regulations require the employer to adhere to the disciplinary procedures before an employee can be dismissed. There are 2 procedures that can be applied; the standard procedure and the modified procedure. These have been incorporated into the Employment Act 2002. Schedule II of the Employment Act 2002 details the procedures both for the modified route and the standard procedure and is defined as the dismissal and disciplinary procedure. The employer must set out in writing the alleged conduct of the employee or the characteristics or other circumstances which has led the employer to contemplate such action. The employer is under a duty to send the statement or a copy of it to the employee and invite them to attend a meeting to discuss the matter. The employee must have had a reasonable opportunity to consider his response to the information given. It is the responsibility of the employee to ensure that he attends the meeting. Directly following the meeting the employer has a duty to notify the employee of the decision they have made and they should inform the employee at this point of his right to appeal if he disagrees with the decision. Lodging an appeal is the responsibility of the employee, and he is under a duty to notify his employer of his intention to appeal. Once notified the employer should arrange a further meeting between himself and

Disfunctional equals to monsters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Disfunctional equals to monsters - Essay Example The monster is a part of the human psyche, a manifestation of what is not the same, threatening to the status quo, or oppressive. Human pain is the central core to identifying and defining the concept of the ‘monster’, and in the relationship that is between the monster and victim, it is not always the perceived monster that holds the true evil. It is the fear of the unknown that is the core of the relationship between the monster and the victim. In the film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937), the dwarves determine that the creature under the sheet, which is actually Snow White, is a monster, and they determine before knowing what is under the sheet that they will kill it and chop it to pieces. All they knew was that the creature was an invader with an unknown intent, and the instinctual response was to destroy it without prejudice. This is the relationship that the unknown has with culture, representing something to fear and to despise without understanding anythi ng of the motivations that have brought the creature into existence. It is the fear of what it represents that gives the monster power while at the same time stealing from it its humanity, regardless of the level of humanity on which it relies. A monster may be a creature that is more animal, which would then deserve the compassion of humanity, or it may be a humanoid who seeks to belong and in its rejection, rebels with violent retribution. Regardless of its form, the monster/human relationship is one of the unknown as it threatens the known. According to Briefel â€Å"It is the monster’s pain that determines audience positioning in the horror film† (16). Take note it is the monster’s pain, not that of the victims who has creates the relationship. Briefel goes on to discuss the series of masochistic acts that are the predecessors to the eventual acts that the monster commits against victims. As an example, in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), the doctor administe rs a potion that gives him both extreme pain and satisfying pleasure, enough so that he takes the potion repeatedly as he turns into the monster. Freddy Krueger in the Nightmare on Elm Street series created by Wes Craven self-mutilates throughout the series, horrifying his potential victims with the pain that ripping of his own flesh, removing fingers or slicing open his own head (Briefel 17). In the case of Freddy Krueger, the self-mutilation serves as a point of alienation, his apparent lack of feeling in contrast to the threshold of pain that has been far exceeded by the average audience member. In the case of the character of Dr. Jekyll, his monstrosity is in his addiction to the power that is created when he is Mr. Hyde, the alienation from the audience created through the contrast he makes to the choices that the audience might make, but his allure through the temptation that he represents. In this way, the connection becomes one of both revulsion and fascination, the desire t o give into darker impulses fulfilled by the conscious, hideous choices of the monstrous representation. For many monsters, however, being a monster is not a choice but something that is imposed upon them and the true monstrosity is in the reactions of those who must cope with the presence of a creature that is

Citizenship Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Citizenship - Article Example Philosophers and political theorists including Kant, Hobbes, Marx, Machiavelli and Locke etc have presented different views and articulated various theories to define the manners, rights and obligations of citizenship. Their works indicate directly and indirectly the factors supportive in maintaining peaceful atmosphere within a social set up. They have also indicated the basic causes and circumstances leading the nations towards the path of conflict and destruction. The term citizenship simply refers to the membership of a country, a state, a tribe, a community or an authority, which creates rights and duties between citizens and the state. The individuals are bound to abide by the norms, values, mores, taboos and laws determined by the authorities to keep peace and solidarity in its fold. Citizenship not only implements wide range of obligations on citizens, but also offers them many opportunities to grow, make progress, involve into social, political, cultural, religious, economic and other peaceful activities on the one hand, and assures the individuals peaceful environment, security of life, honour and belongings, legal remedies, justice and equality within its platform on the other. Looking into the history of the world from the most primitive societies of Palaeolithic and Neolithic eras to the most modern ones of contemporary technological age, it becomes evident that social inequality and injustices always existed in all human societies give birth to stratification and conflict. Philosophers and thinkers have defined the causes and consequences of conflict between different groups and remedies for it in order to escape anarchical situation in the society. Sociological researches too reveal the very fact that even during the ancient times different classes existed in every culture and civilization.Kant emphatically submits that the state of peace among the people living side by side and remaining in constant interaction with one another cannot be remained peaceful, as it is in the nature of man to contain differences with other fellow-beings. It is therefore it is war rather than peace which could be stated as the natural one. The same is the case with nations and states which are at warring positions in the one way or the other. Many wars took place between the Greeks and the Persians time and again sabotaging the peace and harmony of the countries. Absence of any regularity authority to check the advances of the c onflicting states kept them in constant war position. The Athenians declared these wars as the golden chapter of their history, though it cost hundreds of lives as well as pushed the economy to a sorry state. "In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century B.C. In 499 BC the Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid." (Quoted in http://www.crystalinks.com/greeksocial.html) The Persians invaded

Canada Supreme Court Judge Selection

Canada Supreme Court Judge Selection Essay The issue of judges’ appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada has come to the foreground of Canadian politics in recent years. The Supreme Court is afforded great power within Canada, including the ability to strike down law produced by democratically elected legislatures. Therefore, the method of selection for the Supreme Court is absolutely critical to Canadian democracy. Scholars have suggested reforming Canadian Supreme Court appointments. This paper will analyse alternative ways of selecting Canada’s Supreme Court judges and make an argument in favour of retaining current practice with a few modifications. Key Principle In order to establish the best method, one must have a way of identifying it. There are few greater principles in Canadian politics than judicial independence. The Constitutionally guaranteed principle â€Å"ensures that the courts guard our Constitution, the Rule of Law, equality and the democratic process† (Johnson, Remarks to the Committee). Judicial independence is divided into two categories: institutional independence and decisional independence. In order to have an effective top level court, judicial independence in both its forms must be enforced. Alternative appointment processes have been heavily scrutinised for their potential to politicise the selection process, thereby dissolving judicial independence. Scholars argue that US-style confirmation hearings will lead to qualified candidates excluding themselves from consideration (Peach, 2005). Canada at Present Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada are appointed by the Governor General upon recommendation by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister, in turn, consults with her Cabinet. The Prime Minister’s selection is made based upon a shortlist provided to her by the Minister of Justice with input from the relevant law society. By the Supreme Court Act, candidates must have been a member of a provincial or territorial law society for at least ten years, or have served as a judge in a superior court. Additionally, at least three of the nine Supreme Court judges must come from Quebec. This is often justified due to Quebec’s unique utilisation of civil law, unlike the other provinces, which utilise common law instead. Interestingly, though representing one-third of the Supreme Court, Quebec represents only 23% of the Canadian population (Statistics Canada, 2013). By convention, the remaining six appointments are split between Ontario (three), Western Canada (two) and Atlantic Canada (one). In Canada the judicial branch is independent of the executive and legislative branch – that is, it has institutional independence. The justice system also enjoys decisional independence, most notably in the Supreme Court. Judges are appointed until the mandatory appointment age of 75, and their remuneration is controlled by the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission. Through this process the legislative and executive branches cannot influence judges’ decision making through threats of reduced salary or termination. Canada’s system has been criticised for essentially three reasons. First, there is much confusion in the Canadian public as to how the appointment process works, with even a fair number suspecting that there is political interference. Secondly, due to the geographic considerations in the process, many worry about the effect of Provincial politics on the shortlisting of candidates. Thirdly, there has been a history of inconsistent consultation of Prime Minister (Johnson, Remarks to the Committee). Other countries Amongst developed countries, there is great variation on the selection of judges for the highest court. In the US, their Senate holds the final decision making power in confirming or denying the President’s candidate. While legislative approval is generally a formality, there have been recent notable cases of Senate confirmations going awry in the cases of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. In the age of mass media, candidates may be subject to an avalanche of questions concerning their personal life. The US-style senate confirmation mechanism is criticised for giving qualified candidates a reason to withdraw their candidacy. However, even if all the best candidates made themselves available, the President does not select the best candidate. They select the best Senate-confirmable candidate. If the Senate and candidate have strongly opposing political views, then the confirmation can degenerate into a virtual inquisition, and quite literally means that the judiciary answers to the legislature. This severely undermines the judicial independence in the selection process as the President must make a political calculation of who the best candidate is that will also pass Senate confirmation, and also reduces independence from the legislature. In Switzerland, Austria, and Germany the national assemblies vote to nominate members of their constitutional courts. For Germany, this practice means that the states are involved in the appointment process because the members of Germany’s upper house the state governments. While there have been calls for greater Provincial involvement in Canadian Supreme Court appointments, Carl Baar warns, Experiences in other federal systems thus do not impel Canada to the kind of provincial role in selection of Supreme Court justices that was embodied in draft provisions of the Meech Lake Accord. While the Accord provisions did not provide as widespread and continuing participation for the provinces as the provisions in West Germany’s Basic Law provide for its state governments, they did authorize a much more substantial provincial roles (both in its constitutional status and in the range of activities it involved) than is characteristic of any of the world’s other federal systems. And unlike the West German provisions, the Meech Lake Accord kept judicial selection completely outside parliament (1991). In 2009, the United Kingdom implemented their Supreme Court that had been established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Here, judge candidates are selected by an independent selection commission of several judicial committees. Once the selection commission has arrived at a consensus for one candidate, it then provides the name to the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor is then required to consult with all the politicians and judges that the commission consulted in their selection of the candidate. The Lord Chancellor is given three rounds in which to accept a candidate. If the Lord Chancellor rejects a candidate, then the selection commission will bring a new name forward in the next round. If the Lord Chancellor asks the commission to reconsider, then the commission may present the same person again, or provide a new name. The Lord Chancellor must accept the name put forth in the third round, if they have not already accepted a candidate in a previous round. The Lord Chancello r then forwards this recommendation to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is then required by law to recommend this name to the Queen for appointment, and may not nominate anyone else. The plethora of international selection processes in use appears to provide Canada with ample reform options. One must be cognisant, however, of countries’ political cultures and their effect on shaping the process. In order to maximise the quality of the ultimate appointee, and legitimise the process in the eyes of the public, one must be careful to fine tune the process based upon the particular country’s political climate. Canada is a parliamentary democracy There is a great consensus amongst scholars that judicial independence is superior in an appointments process than an election process (Geyh 2003; Tarr 2003). Bibliography Baar, C. (1991). Comparitive Perspectives on Judicial Selection Process. Toronto: The Ontario Law Reform Commission. Canadian Bar Association. (2004). Supreme Court of Canada Appointment Process. Canadian Bar Association. Freund, P. (1988). Appointment of Justices: Some Historical Perspectives. Harvard Law Review, 1146-1163. Geyh, C. (2003). Why Judicial Elections Stink. Ohio State Law Journal, 43-80. Johnson, W. (2004). Ensuring Supreme Confidence in Judicial Appointments. Policy Options, 41-45. Johnson, W. (n.d.). Remarks to the Committee. Retrieved from The Canadian Bar Association: http://www.cba.org/cba/news/pdf/scc_johnsonremarks.pdf Peach. (2005). Legitimacy on Trial: A Process for Appointing Justices to the Supreme Court of Canada. Regina: University of Regina. Ref re Independence and Impartiality of Judges of the Prov. Court of P.E.I., 24778 (The Supreme Court of Canada September 18, 1997). Ref re Remuneration of Judges of the Prov. Court of P.E.I., 24508 (The Supreme Court of Canada September 18, 1997). Statistics Canada. (2013, November 25). Population by year, by province and territory. Retrieved from Government of Canada: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo02a-eng.htm Supreme Court Act, Revised Statutes of Canada (1985, c. S-26). Retrieved from Department of Justice Canada: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-26/ Tarr, A. (2003). Rethinking the Selection of State Supreme Court Justices. Williamette Law Review, 1445-1470. Yahya, M., Stribopoulos, J. (2007). Does a Judges Party of Appointment or Gender Matter to Case Outcomes?: An Empirical Study of the Court of Appeal for Ontario. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 315-363. Ziegel, J. (2006). A New Era in the Selection of Supreme Court Judges? Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 547-555.

The Virtue of Men and Women in The Canterbury Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays

The Virtue of Men and Women in The Canterbury Tales People never change. In every town you will always be able to find the "rich guy," the "smart guy," the "thief," and the "chief." It has been that way since the first man was swindled out of his lunch. Throughout his life, Geoffrey Chaucer encountered every kind of person and brought them to life for us in "The Canterbury Tales," a collection of short stories written in the 1300's. There are tales of saints, tales of promiscuity, tales of fraud, and tales of love. While reading, one has no choice but to come to the simple realization that nothing has really changed from Chaucer's time to ours. In "The Canterbury Tales" Chaucer depicted people from all walks of life. Society then had three basic classes of virtue that most people fell under: the Revered, the Commonfolk, and the Despicable. In the days of Chaucer, these people could be found in any village or town, just as they can be found today in our towns. Times were different then, but the people haven't changed a bit. Chaucer wrote of only three people who are deserving of the title "The Revered." These are the people who are always admired for their altruism, honesty, and kindness. They are proud and courageous with unalterable beliefs and unbreakable morals. Each of them may have a few harmless quirks, but are nevertheless revered. The most known of "The Revered" is the Knight. The Knight served in the Crusades where he fought for his king and the preservation of his beliefs in Christianity. Honor and virtue were reflected in everything he did. The Knight represents one of the most admirable characters in literature and is revered because of what he stands for. Though the Parson did not fight in the Crusades like the Knight, he also served God. The Parson was a man of the church whose beliefs in Christianity were unyielding. Decent and principled, he was a man devoted completely to his congregation. The Parson fully accepted the responsibility bestowed upon him to guard his people from sin. He said, "If gold rusts, what will iron do?" By this he meant that if the priest became corrupt, what would the parishioners do? As a parishioner and a brother of the Parson, the Plowman was a prime example of how well this philosophy worked. The Plowman is considered to reside in society's lowest class. The Virtue of Men and Women in The Canterbury Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays The Virtue of Men and Women in The Canterbury Tales People never change. In every town you will always be able to find the "rich guy," the "smart guy," the "thief," and the "chief." It has been that way since the first man was swindled out of his lunch. Throughout his life, Geoffrey Chaucer encountered every kind of person and brought them to life for us in "The Canterbury Tales," a collection of short stories written in the 1300's. There are tales of saints, tales of promiscuity, tales of fraud, and tales of love. While reading, one has no choice but to come to the simple realization that nothing has really changed from Chaucer's time to ours. In "The Canterbury Tales" Chaucer depicted people from all walks of life. Society then had three basic classes of virtue that most people fell under: the Revered, the Commonfolk, and the Despicable. In the days of Chaucer, these people could be found in any village or town, just as they can be found today in our towns. Times were different then, but the people haven't changed a bit. Chaucer wrote of only three people who are deserving of the title "The Revered." These are the people who are always admired for their altruism, honesty, and kindness. They are proud and courageous with unalterable beliefs and unbreakable morals. Each of them may have a few harmless quirks, but are nevertheless revered. The most known of "The Revered" is the Knight. The Knight served in the Crusades where he fought for his king and the preservation of his beliefs in Christianity. Honor and virtue were reflected in everything he did. The Knight represents one of the most admirable characters in literature and is revered because of what he stands for. Though the Parson did not fight in the Crusades like the Knight, he also served God. The Parson was a man of the church whose beliefs in Christianity were unyielding. Decent and principled, he was a man devoted completely to his congregation. The Parson fully accepted the responsibility bestowed upon him to guard his people from sin. He said, "If gold rusts, what will iron do?" By this he meant that if the priest became corrupt, what would the parishioners do? As a parishioner and a brother of the Parson, the Plowman was a prime example of how well this philosophy worked. The Plowman is considered to reside in society's lowest class.

Conflict Identification and Resolution

Conflict Identification and Resolution BUS 610: Organizational Behavior Currently I am employed at Bank of America, they [Bank of America] established a new department called the Enterprise Estate Unit where deceased customers accounts are handled. When we the employees were notified that the Enterprise Estate Unit was being established everyone was excited because it was a chance to move into a different line of business.Bank of America associates are not allowed to â€Å"post out† or apply for different positions until they have been at their current position for at leas a year, however when associates were notified about the new department the advice given by human resources was all associates could apply with approval of their manager. With that new information associates (new hires and tenured associates) apply to be in the new department. The conflict arose when new hires were being hired to move to the new department over the tenured associates and the tenured associate s did not think that was fair.After complaints were issued to the site leader about new hires being picked over the tenured associates, the site leader had to investigate why new hires were being allowed to post out to different positions. After investigation the site leader found out the information given by the human resource department was incorrect, only associates that had been with the company for a year or more were allowed to apply for the position. Recruiters that interviewed associates for the position also knew that only associates that had been with the company for a year or more could apply for different positions.Poor communication was the cause of this conflict. There was a lack of external communication, the communication between â€Å"the company’s staff and clients, suppliers, and vendors (Kondrat, 2009). † Applications were sent to a third-party recruiting company that did not know the policy of only posting to positions after being with a company fo r a year. Because employees did not receive clear direction, the rule is that associates could only apply for positions after a year of being with the company, however the posting stated that with supervisor approval, anyone could post for the position.Consequently, employees self managed and created their own rules and priorities, which differed from the organization. Poor communication is a big problem that causes conflict in an organization. Chris Joseph said in his article that in a workplace setting lack of communication leads to conflict, which can harm an organization, and poor communication creates conflict in a number of ways, the types of conflict that could arise due to the lack of communication or the lack of communication are: creating uncertainty, lack of loyalty, and rumors and gossip, (Joseph, 2012).In the situation previously described the two biggest conflicts that arose because of the lack of and poor communication was the lack of loyalty and rumors and gossip, wi th rumors and gossip being the biggest problem. â€Å"If employees don’t know the intent of their co-workers or the company, they may resort to speculation. Whether rumors develop regarding a company merger or about favoritism toward a single employee, gossip creates a hostile work environment (Baldwin, 2012). Distributing correct information would reduce gossip and also ease employees mind and make them feel like they are valued. In an organization effective communication is an essential element, especially in a successful organization. Effective communication is needed to process and send information, ideas, thoughts and ideas between members of the organization. Lack of loyalty is also a result of lack of communication. A sense of employee identification fosters company loyalty [†¦] With a lack of communication, your employees may identify less with your organization. They may look elsewhere for a job in which they feel a vested interest (Baldwin, 2012). † The feeling of a lack of loyalty is another conflict that arose due to the lack of communication. Many of the associates that were looked over for the position left Bank of America and found positions with other companies because they felt the time that they invested with the company was not valued.Unfortunately the site leader had to play the role of the â€Å"Devils Advocate† but, the conflict was resolved and certain measures were taken to make sure that a situation like this would not happen again. The site leader did not revoke the position from the new hires that were offered the position in the Enterprise Estate Unit, however the new hires that had interviews scheduled for the position were unable to interview, and the tenured associates that did not get interviews offered to them because the interview quota was filled were able to get interviews and if qualified they were hired.The site leader gathered all of the associates together and made sure associates understood tha t no matter what postings say that if you [associates] had not been with the company at least a year they were not allowed to apply for positions. Also a new rule was applied, and that rule is that all applications are not allowed to go straight through to the recruiters; they had to go through human resources to make sure the employees are qualified. References Baldwin, A. (2012).Lack of communication as a weakness in organizations. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8773766_lack-communication-weakness-organizations. html Joseph, C. (2012). How does a lack of communication cause conflict in the workplace?. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/lack-communication-cause-conflict-workplace-10470. html Kondrat, A. (2009, February 12). Effective communication in the workplace. Retrieved from http://suite101. com/article/effective-communication-at-workplace-a95815

The Sony Playstation 2

Game is one of the biggest markets in the world; most of people like to play game for relaxing, or at the spare time with friends. People of all ages are players. Report has pointed out the global spending on video games-games console hardware and associated games-exceeds that spent at cinema box offices and is double the video rental market. Many firm such like Microsoft, Nintendo and Sony seize this opportunity and plan to enter this biggest market. The competition has been intensified among the game market, who will be the winner? The market leader for hand-held, portable consoles is Nintendo-its Game Boy, launched in 1990, has sold well and consistently. Games console which are coupled up to a domestic television screen comprise a larger section of the market , and this is where Sony has become dominate. In 1994, Sony was a ‘non-entity' in the video games market, however by 1996, it was the world leader of its fast growth market. At the end of 2003 Sony's accumulated sales of 12 million games consoles was well in excess of rivals Sega and Nintendo. The stronger financial support is definitely the reason of successful for Sony. However, those just one small part of reason for the success of the Playstation, the mainly reasons for the success of the Playstation are below: * Adequate knowledge form technology, which had been developed over many years. It was able to derive synergy from its competencies in both hardware and software. * Suitable timing to entered the market, to avoid some unnecessary competition with rivals. Sony timed the launch carefully and entered the market just one month after Sega launched its new Saturn console, the first 32-bit machine. This suggested that the real competition in this sector of the industry lay between Sony and Sega, rather than with Nintendo as well, although in 1997 Nintendo launched its 64-bit N64. * Its pricing strategy for consoles. Sony knew the real profits came from subsequent software sales and happy to cross-subsidize a relatively low-priced console. They also enjoying cost saving through the experience curve effect and happy to pass these on to consumers. * A number of attractive licensing deals, which helped it, build up a strong portfolio of games from the outset. A number of key games software companies were persuaded to switch their allegiance to Sony.†1 * Sony's advertising campaign was very specifically planned. Sony worked out exactly what they wanted the adverts to achieve. They also aimed to make people think of the Playstation as powerful and destructive, using the line, â€Å"Do not under-estimate the power of Playstation† in many of its adverts. Those intelligence ideas help Sony become a winner through this competition. So they are the strengths of Sony Playstation, which made Sony's market share grows in creditable rate. And helped Sony corporation build up a good reputation among the consumers that will become advantage for Sony's further competition. Late in 2000 Sony was unable to satisfy the early demand in both the US and Europe for its new Playstation 2. The problem has come. It was experiencing internal supply problems of critical components. This is a real fault for Sony in Christmas – the peak sales period. This could affect the profits of Sony Corporation. When Sony was struggling with the launch of Playstation 2, Microsoft and Nintendo realized this is a good opportunity to launch their new game console into the video games market. They believe there was a real chance that some customers would switch to the game console of Microsoft and Nintendo, if their intended first choice Playstation were no available. This is a real threat for Playstation's position in the video game market. As Nintendo and Microsoft launch their new game console into the video game market, something has been changed. Reports said that sales of Sony's PlayStation 2 console are down but sales of Nintendo's GameCube console seem to be on the rise. The holiday sales of Nintendo's GameCube rose over 70% from a year ago, while Sony's PlayStation 2 sales did not fall as sharply as expected. Nintendo also said that it would easily achieve a global sales target of six million GameCubes for the full business year. Its sales are directly being attributed to GameCube price cuts in Japan, Europe and North America in September and October of 20032. However, Sony Corporation is keeping finding many opportunities for them to keep their opposition in the video game market. They noticed that entered an established market have to offer some value, something clearly different. So they tried to add the new function, new technology into PlayStation 2. For example: the graphics on Playstation 2 are of ‘cinematic quality' and the console has a DVD reader, which can run movies. PlayStation's hard drive would later be able to accommodate and Internet connection and allow users to buy games over the Internet and download them directly on to their machine, they also could play game online. In addition, PlayStation 2 is a 128-bit machine now, but it was not the first 128-bit machine on the market. Another mainly opportunity for Playstation 2 is their software (games). They categorized their games into 5 main types: adventure/strategy games, driving/motoring games and simulations, sports, fighting game and platform games. By Sony's good reputation there are more and more software companies available for the Sony Playstation than are available for any of its rivals. In 1999 Sony had 90 companies developing games for Playstation 2 and was determined that 50 news games would be available for the launch. Playstation 2 also creating a unique opportunity for content providers and third party publishers from their biggest online community. In 2003, the massive Playstation community proved yet again the enviable advantage of strength-in-numbers as games for the number one selling platforms flew off the shelves in record amounts. Playstation 2 software led the industry with close to 3 billion in total video game sales for the year, nearly three times as much as its closest competitor. This is first online console community is also the most popular, with the Playstation 2 online base growing nearly three times as fast as that of Microsoft's Xbox live. Sony wants to hang on its leadership in the computer games industry. That appears to be Sony's thinking as the electronics giant moves ahead with development of the next version of its PlayStation video game console, which is well known as Playstation 3. Japanese media reported on May 6th that the PS3 console is in development. The goal is to make new processor technology, called â€Å"grid† about 200x faster than current console technology. This is almost achieving their original goal of making the PS3 1000 times faster than the PS2. This goal was publicly set by Mr Okamoto, the Senior VP and Chief Technical Officer of Sony Computer Entertainment, at the 2002 Game Developers Conference in San Jose, California. Playstation 3 may become a major threat to the other company in the game industry. So when Sony look for the future, one of the rivals review recent past, Pete Isensee, lead developer for Microsoft's Xbox Advanced Technology Group, used his GDC talk to deliver a mostly positive critique of the Xbox's journey to the market, lauding a product launch that happened on time and without major bugs, a departure from Microsoft history. â€Å"Microsoft has this stigma about not getting it right until version three,† he said. â€Å"We didn't have a choice with Xbox. If we didn't get it right with version one, Sony and Nintendo would eat us alive.†3 Nowadays, Playstation 2 will be outsold by rivals, but who knows what will be happen in the next. When the new game console-Playstation 3 launch to the market in Christmas 2004, maybe everything will have a big change.