Marjorie Joyner and the Wave Machine

An employee of  Madame Walkers  empire, Majorie Joyner invented a permanent wave machine. This device, patented in 1928, curled or permed womens hair for a relatively lengthy period of time. The wave machine was popular among women white and black allowing for longer-lasting wavy hair styles. Joyner went on to become a prominent figure in Walkers industry. Early Years Joyner was born in 1896 in the rural Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia and moved in 1912 to Chicago to go to school study cosmetology.   She was the granddaughter of a white slave owner and a slave. Joyner graduated from A.B. Molar Beauty School in Chicago in 1916. She was the first  African-American  to achieve this. At the beauty school, she  met  Madame C. J. Walker, an African-American beauty entrepreneur who owned a cosmetic empire. Always an advocate of beauty for women, Joyner went to work for Walker and oversaw 200 of her beauty schools, working as the national adviser. One of her major duties was sending Walkers hair stylists door-to-door, dressed in black skirts and white blouses with black satchels, containing a range of beauty products that were applied  in  the customers house. Joyner taught some 15,000 stylists over her 50-year career.   Wave Machine Joyner was also a leader in developing new products, such as her permanent wave machine. She  invented her wave machine as a solution to the hair problems of African-American women. Joyner took her inspiration from a pot roast. She cooked with paper pins to shorten prep time. She experimented initially with these paper rods and soon designed a table that could be used to curl or straighten hair by wrapping it on rods above the persons head and then cooking them to set the hair. Using this method, hairstyles would last several days. Joyners design was popular in  salons  with both African-American and white women. Joyner never profited  from  her invention, however, because Madame Walker owned the rights.  In 1987, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington opened an exhibit featuring Joyners permanent wave machine and a replica of her original salon.   Other Contributions Joyner also helped write the first cosmetology laws for the state of  Illinois,  and founded both a sorority and a national association for black beauticians. Joyner was friends with Eleanor  Roosevelt,  and helped found the  National Council of Negro Women. She was an advisor to the Democratic National Committee in the   1940s,  and advised several New Deal agencies trying to reach out to black women. Joyner was highly visible in the Chicago black community, as head of the  Chicago Defender  Charity network, and fundraiser for various schools.   Together with Mary Bethune Mcleod, Joyner founded the United Beauty School Owners and Teachers Association.  In 1973, at the age of 77, she was awarded a bachelors degree in psychology from  Bethune-Cookman College  in  Daytona Beach, Florida. Joyner also volunteered for several charities that helped house, educate, and find work for African Americans during the Great Depression.

Foucault and Punishment Essay - 1172 Words

Change over time; that is a common theme with everything in the world. The concept of punishment is no different in that regard. In the 16th and 17th century the common view for punishing people was retaliation from the king and to be done in the town square. In what seemed to be all of a sudden, there was a change in human thinking, the concept of punishment changed to a more psychological approach compared to a public embarrassment/torture approach. The following paragraphs will discuss the development of prisons and what in fact gives people gives people the right to punish; as well as the overall meaning and function of prisons. The work by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison will help with the arguments†¦show more content†¦The public spectacle went as far as chain-gangs until that was abolished in 1848 (Foucault 8). The reason for this change, according to Foucault, was due to the overwhelming thought of humanization that developed in soci ety. How did this change to a humanization thinking come about and more importantly how was it implemented into the penal system? Foucault accredits the evolution to the humanization process of thinking based on how people portrayed the executioner. What that means is the overwhelming sense of savagery that was bestowed into the people by the fact that the punishment had ‘out-done’ the crime itself. â€Å"It was as if the punishment was thought to equal, if not exceed, in savagery the crime itself, to accustom the spectators to a ferocity from which wished to divert them†¦to make the executioner resemble a criminal, judges murderers, to reverse roles at the last moment, to make the tortured criminal an object of pity or admiration† (Foucault 9). The perception by the people in seeing how criminals were dealt with was the turning point and the leading factor to the eventual development of prisons. With the development of prisons, this changed how punishment a nd torture was viewed, at least in the public eye. The act of torturing, however unfortunate, comes naturally in regards to punishment. A big reason to why torture is no longer heard about in the prisons is because torture is now done the private spectrum instead of inShow MoreRelatedFoucault s Discipline And Punishment1211 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements linked to the Enlightenment, which transformed society into the modern culture seen today. Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish examines how punishment was viewed and enacted prior to the â€Å"humane† awakening of the eighteenth century, while establishing the progression of change that shifted punishment from the body to the soul. Foucault was a student and professor of philosophy and psychology during the twentieth century, which influenced his writings and political activism. DisciplineRead MoreMichel Foucault s Theory Of Discipline And Punishment1225 Words   |  5 PagesMichel Foucault states in Discipline a nd Punishment that â€Å"the Panopticon is a marvelous machine which, whatever use one may wish to put it to, produces homogeneous effects of power† (Foucault 188). Examining the evolution, physical characteristics, and psychological effects of the Panopticon allows one to understand the mechanism by which the Panopticon produces power. Most inventions develop through an evolutionary process while attempting to improve a situation or solve a problem. Often, aRead MoreSystem And Oppression Of The Panopticon1631 Words   |  7 Pages2.3.2. Panoptical System and Oppression The Panopticon was a metaphor that allowed Foucault to show the relationship between the people in a disciplinary situation and the systems of social control. From his view, the concept of power/knowledge comes from observing others. Michel Foucault is one of the European philosopher/historian who wrote prodigiously and influentially on the origins or ‘archaeology’ of European social orders since the seventeenth century. For understanding of his work on socialRead MoreOne Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Relation to Foucaults Argument1602 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to Foucault’s analysis of discipline and punishment. Foucault’s argument is that power works in a disciplinary way in current society. The movie can relate to this because the institution that the movie took place in was ran using Foucault’s disciplinary technique. There are many scenes from the film that give an analysis of Foucault’s argument. Foucault believes that people have the power to punish the docile bodies that they produce. Foucault argues in â€Å"The Carceral† that, â€Å"The least actRead MoreDiscipline And Punish : The Birth Of The Prison1345 Words   |  6 PagesMichel Foucault- Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison Michel Foucault is a very famous French intellectual who practiced the knowledge of sociology. Foucault analyzed how knowledge related to social structures, in particular the concept of punishment within the penal system. His theory through, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, is a detailed outline of the disciplinary society; in which organizes populations, their relations to power formations, and the corresponding conceptionsRead MoreSimilarities Between Michel Foucault s Punish And Discipline And Nellie Bly s Ten Days1495 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system; his temperament, punctuality, knowledge and authority remained unchecked. He investigated suspects, formed judgment and prescribed punishment (Foucault 19). In particular, an investigation established the suspect’s involvement in an act. The judge studied its results and diagnosed guilt. Then he prosecuted according to the law (Foucault 19). Although he controlled the justice system, the judge lacked author ity in alternative areas of society. His influence remained unchanged untilRead MoreFoucault once stated, â€Å"Our society is one not of spectacle, but of surveillance; under the surface800 Words   |  4 PagesFoucault once stated, â€Å"Our society is one not of spectacle, but of surveillance; under the surface of images, one invests† (301). By this, he means that our society is full of constant supervision that is not easily seen nor displayed. In his essay, Panopticism, Foucault goes into detail about the different disciplinary societies and how surveillance has become a big part of our lives today. He explains how the disciplinary mechanisms have dramatically changed in comparison to the middle ages. FoucaultRead MorePublic Torture Vs. Penal System1030 Words   |  5 PagesCount: 1,032 Public Torture vs. Penal System In Michel Foucault’s Discipline Punish, he starts out by describing a gruesome, public execution. Foucault questions why this man is getting tortured and punished this way. He later goes on to compare this event with prison rules 80 years after the execution and, throughout his book, argues which punishment is a better choice. Prison is more effective than public torture because it contains criminals properly, rather than humiliating them in public.Read MoreEssay on The Utopia of Orwell and Foucault1368 Words   |  6 PagesOrwell and Foucault â€Å"Two ways of exercising power over men, of controlling their relations, of separating out their dangerous mixtures. The plague stricken town, transversed throughout with hierarchy, surveillance, observation, writing; the town immobilized by the functioning of an extensive power that bears in a distinct way over all individual bodies-this is the utopia of the perfectly governed city† (Foucault, 6) This quote extracted from the Essay Panopticism written by Michel Foucault perfectlyRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Discipline and Punish1609 Words   |  7 Pageswork, Foucault establishes the trend of using power as a sort of political technology over the human body. According to Foucault, power relations transcend every facet of society, and are not simply localized in those relations between citizens and the government. Power must be aligned closely with the concept of knowledge. Basically, there is no power relation without a sort of constitution of knowledge, or any sort of knowledge not inferring to or allowing for power relations (Foucault, 27).

Comm Skills free essay sample

Establish objectives to be achieved by negotiation. †¢ Identify a range of outcomes from the desired ideal to the ultimate acceptable fall back position. †¢ Use interpersonal skills to influence others in both informal and formal situations to achieve your objectives. Negotiating Skills †¢ Act assertively to achieve objectives †¢ Reduce resistance minimise conflict †¢ Know how when to accept the opinions, values will of others †¢ Work to achieve a WIN-WIN situation Negotiating Skills Negotiation occurs when there is something of value that you wish to attain †¢ Need is the negotiators starting point †¢ Need is also the weakness that can be exploited †¢ Negotiation is also a process that is of benefit to all parties Negotiating Skills Ineffective Negotiation is about: †¢ Non mutual benefit †¢ Compromising for no return †¢ Playing games Think of a time when a negotiation has not been successful. Can you identify what went wrong? When you have purchased a house or a car – Did you negotiate terms? Were you successful? Negotiating Skills Effective Negotiation Is an important communication skill †¢ Reaches the agreement that best meets both sides requirements †¢ Should be conducted in a professional manner †¢ Be a solid foundation on which to build future relationships Negotiating Skills Preparing yourself Preparation enables you to : †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Identify your obj ectives Identify targets Know your resistance point Adopt the most suitable style Time the interaction correctly Achieve a deal Negotiating Skills Traditional Negotiation Has two sides Has opposing objectives Is a form of warfare Has a short sighted approach Formal Negotiation Favours the party with the strongest power base Limits the likelihood of informal talks Emphasises the letter of agreement Informal Negotiation Emphasises the relationship between the two parties Encourages the spirit of any agreement reached Negotiating Skills Modern Negotiation Enables strategic alliances to be built Emphasises partnerships Builds relationships Is effective long term Outcomes From Negotiation Need to achieve the objective set Be of benefit to all parties Ensuring a WIN/WIN situation Negotiating Skills Identifying Possible Outcomes Write down all your objectives Put them in order of priority Identify issues that are open to compromise Identify those that are not Classifying Priorities Those that are desirable Those that are acceptable Those that are the minimum you/the organisation require Negotiating Skills What is influencing? Achieving a result that meets the legitimate needs of both sides Achieving long lasting results Improving the relationship of the people involved Legitimate is the important word here. Needs must be legitimate if influencing is to be successful. For influencing to be effective it has to be sustainable. Negotiating Skills What is influencing? When it fails The MIGHT IS RIGHT style of influencing always fails. People can appear to agree but over time they may show their disagreement by leaving the workplace. A boss who forces his influence onto his work-team may only see short term gains. The relationship of trust may be destroyed and will be hard to rebuild. Negotiating Skills Why is influencing important? Flatter organisation structures need it to be effective. Lean is mean – more stress is prevalent in current organisations. The rise of the customer – the customer is not always right, but it is our job to make them „feel? right. Working across organisations – it? s the only positive way forward. The demise of traditional authority – all employees have a vested interest in the future success of any company/organisation. Negotiating Skills Influencing is not about : Forcing your point of view on others Nagging until they agree Giving in to someone Bargaining A debate It is about Dealing with others assertively Speaking with knowledge and confidence Listening to their point of view Appreciating the differences Showing respect Negotiating Skills The Levers Of Influence Pull Skills Creating rapport Authentic listening Skilful questioning These Pull techniques also involve the effective use of non-verbal communication. Creating rapport : Posture Voice – Tone Volume Gesture Eye Contact Facial expressions How we occupy our space Consider carefully how you want to build the relationship with someone who you will be negotiating with. Negotiating Skills Authentic Listening The aim is empathy – a non-judgmental state that aims to understand the other person. Authentic Listening is : Listen for content Listening to the other messages Summarising the content Summarising the emotion Testing your assumptions Negotiating Skills Barriers to Listening Dialogue of the deal Both sides within a discussion, intent on making their own point, may fail to listen to each other. Experience The parties may have had bad experiences of negotiations in the past. Familiarity Can be a crucial disabler when negotiating. Skim Listening Picking up on key words and missing vital parts of the conversation. Attention span – Are you focused or distracted? Negotiating Skills Pull Levers Questioning : Have a questioning strategy – USE: Hypothetical questions Defining questions Probing questions The aim is to use effective questioning skills to Help build rapport Obtain accurate information Obtain other people? s opinion Negotiating Skills Assertiveness is Saying what you mean Meaning what you say Asking for what you want clearly Listening to what the other person is saying Being honest about what is relevant Being prepared to look for a workable compromise Being Assertive during a negotiation is the best way to achieve a win/win outcome. Conduct your conversation with clarity, confidence and an open mind. Negotiating Skills Recognising Assertiveness Effective body language – how would you describe this? Use assertive language – what is considered assertive language? Never become emotional Angry Resentful Frustrated Responding Not Reacting â€Å"Behaviour breeds behaviour† Keep the temperature low Stay detached Show respect Negotiating Skills Power In Negotiation Negotiation assumes a â€Å"certain equality† between parties Negotiation refers to obtaining something of value that someone else has. The focus is upon mutual benefit. Differing power bases can lead into fighting behaviours. Parties do test each others strengths and probe into just how dependant they are on each other. A balance of power is essential if negotiations are to be successful. Negotiating Skills Influencing The balance Of Power Facts Expertise Explore Strengthen Authority Facts – The skilled negotiator has all the facts , background history and figures. Even a hardened MD cannot fail to be impressed. Expertise – Again gained by effective preparation. Explore – Pose questions in a non hreatening manner. How do we find this solution together. Strengthen – Develop acceptance and trust . Find implement outcomes that are of interest to both parties. Authority – it is vital that both parties have the authority to make the outcome happen. Negotiating Skills Negotiation Strategy Opening Exploration Create Closure Create movement Finish The Process Agree Boundaries Deny Need St ress the Difference Agree Boundaries – On which the negotiation will focus. Deny the need – A deliberate strategy in which both parties play down their need for a particular outcome. From the outset skilled negotiators will play up the fact that they do not believe the outcome will be successful. Negotiating Skills Opening Negotiation †¢ Set the offer at the most appropriate level normally a long way removed from target. †¢ Respond in a way that is deemed most appropriate, usually rejection. There is no such thing as a first offer that is too good to refuse. Openings within negotiation are like a chess match both parties will begin with an offer that is far removed from target. The opening offer is very rarely a serious commitment. Negotiating Skills Exploration Identify : Needs Wants Interests Needs – Those things that you feel you cannot do without Wants – Those things that people would prefer to have Interests – The reasons that lie behind the WANTS NEEDS Exploration is important because: It allows the parties to explore the situation. Needs Wants are talked about first. A skilful negotiator can see where the other party expect the final outcome to be. Negotiating Skills Create Movement †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Be prepared to compromise Explore possibilities Ask „what if questions Be clear about the variables Exchange During this phase it is vital that if you agree to a concession you get something back in return . Don? t give anything away too easily – people do not value things that have been obtained with little effort. Restate your case – Ensure that the agreement is clear by going over again what has been agreed. Restate everything that you have agreed on. Minimise the perception of what is left to agree. Write it down – It may prompt some questions before the deal is closed. Prevention is better then cure. Firming Up Proposals Negotiating Skills Create Closure †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Keep moving Don? t get bogged down in detail Focus on issues Give recognition Give the other party a final opportunity to clarify any issues Negotiating Skills Closing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ List of issues from both sides Prepare a draft framework Tackle outstanding details Record each point as it is agreed Agree a process to review Agree a procedure for complaints The skilled negotiator will not be distracted from their task. Always remember that the whole point of negotiation is that two parties have something of value. Know when to stop talking Negotiating Skills Failing Negotiation Initial commitment may be based on incomplete information Negotiation may be based on false assumption People communicate using their mind body through the use of emotion. Misunderstandings can arise because of stereotyping. Tension is caused by emotions which can then lead to stress anxiety. Listen actively with empathy to reduce the perceived threat and try to show acceptance and understanding. If everyone ignores the pinch then a crunch can be just around the corner. The relationship may suffer as a consequence. The secret of success is to look for the pinch before it becomes a crunch. Negotiating Skills Approaches to Resolve Conflict Skilful listening to improve understanding Assertion skills Influence by using interpersonal skills Emphasise issues, break up large issues Make careful note of actions decided Facilitation – Helping people communicate with one another. Conciliation or mediation – Working towards resolving an issue whilst remaining independent. Advocacy – negotiating on behalf of one party. Negotiating Skills Outcomes From Negotiation In a win/lose situation one party may feel threatened by the other and react in a defensive or aggressive way to ensure they don? t get beaten into submission. In a lose /lose situation, both parties have lost and no-one gets what they really want. In a win/win situation, this provides the basis for a long lasting partnership that can be mutually rewarding. Negotiating Skills Stages to Successful Negotiation †¢ Exchange information †¢ Assess Wants, Needs, Information †¢ Find the middle ground which is fair reasonable to both †¢ Firm up a mutually agreeable solution Recognise these stages, work towards them. Use the notes in this course to help future Negotiations. Create a learning log – a simple diary will do. Assess every negotiation you are involved in. What went well? What could be better? What will you do differently next time?

King Stephen of Hungary free essay sample

Life career of leader crowned in 1000 A.D. Looking at religion, politics, rise to power, national unification, canonization and succession issues. This paper is a biography of Stephen, crowned as the first king of Hungary on Christmas Day, 1000 AD. His coronation consolidated a collection of battling tribes into a recognized kingdom, aligned with the Roman pope. His monarchy lasted more than 900 years. Stephen, known as Istvan to his countrymen, established a series of reforms that set the pattern for Hungarys government. He also aggressively turned the nation into a Catholic country, wiping out the vestiges of paganism into which he himself was born. After his death, he was canonized as a Catholic saint, cementing recognition of his lasting influence in establishing Hungary as an important European power. During the period at the end of the 10th century, Christianity had begun to take root throughout Europe. Though paganism was still strong, the world around the Hungarians. We will write a custom essay sample on King Stephen of Hungary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .